PLC,Micro,Electronic Book and Software

How TO MAKE our lead acid battery last long live .

2011-08-25T00:22:00.000-07:00

On August 21, 2011 · Leave a Comment

Dear all hands

Lead acid batere may the most common electric power source that we use in daily live. May fo powering starting system of an car or even to power whole of a car just like in electrical vehicle. Lead acid batere still the common batere we use in car. I think because lead acid batere its price and its capacity . But sometime we didnt know how t maintenance our lead acid batere. We right maintenace and doing in regaularly base, our lead acid batere could has long life service.

Lead acid battery construction

The difference between ordinary lead acic batere and betere that is used in totally ecletric powered vehicles (Such of in golf car).Contructicially both batere has many plate and flooded by electrolit , below general construction of lead acid batere :

Battery car both are lead acid batere and use exactly same chemistry . But they designed in different optimization. Lead aid batere in car is designed to capable witstand large very large curret but in very short time. This situation like when we starting our car.After car macine run,car battery will in condition only being drained at 20 % of of its current capacity. Used inthis way a car batery maybec an last a number of years.

To achive a large amount of current,a car battery uses thin plates to increase its surface.

Deep cycle battery

A deep cycle battery such of in golf car is designed to provide a steady amount of current over a long period of time. A deep cycle battery can provide a surge when needed, but nothing like the surge a car battery can. A deep cycle battery is also designed to be deeply discharged over and over again (something that would ruin a car battery very quickly). To accomplish this, a deep cycle battery uses thicker plates.

Rating of a car battery typically :

There are two rating that commonly used in car betery

1.CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) – The number of amps that the battery can produce at 0 degrees C for 30 seconds

2.RC (Reserve Capacity) – The number of minutes that the battery can deliver 25 amps while keeping its voltage above 10.5 volts

Typically, a deep cycle battery will have two or three times the RC of a car battery, but will deliver one-half or three-quarters the CCAs. In addition, a deep cycle battery can withstand several hundred total discharge/recharge cycles, while a car battery is not designed to be totally discharged.

Basic principle for Maintenance of lead acid batere

Flooded lead-acid batteries can function for 10 years or longer if properly maintained. The six general rules of proper maintenance are

1.Match the charger to the battery requirements.

2.Avoid overdischarging the battery.

3.Maintain the electrolyte at the appropriate level (add water as required).

4.Keep the battery clean.

5.Avoid overheating the battery.

6.Provide an equalizing charge periodically to weak batteries/cells.

Tutorial on setting and configuring mikrotik bridge and router

2011-08-18T00:29:00.000-07:00

On August 18, 2011 · Leave a Comment [Edit]

Dear all hand

After we understand the main difference between router and bridge in computer network (as in this post) , now we ready to learn ho to set and configure mikrotik router and bridge, below is step by step tutorial on how to configure and set mikrotik router and bridge:

How to set mikrotik bridge

1. Select the menu at the Bridge, the Bridge tab, click Settings.

In winbox, By default, if we use the bridge, then the rule in the firewall will have no effect. Switch setting.
Check the Use IP Firewall, then Apply and OK.

2. Creating a Bridge interface.

Still in the Bridge menu, click (add), it would appear New Interface window – General tab, in this section we do not need to change the default settings provided by MikroTik, simply replace the bridge of his name alone. Finish with Apply and OK.

3. Setting Bridge Port.

Select the Ports tab, click the (add), then the window will pop up New Bridge Port. That Needs to be changed only Interface section alone, according to the ether which would be the bridge interface.

4. With two mikrotik router, make the following bridge configuration, so that from Router A can ping the router B.

5. Connect between Ether3 – Router A with Ether3 – Router B using cross UTP cable.

6. Give each IP on the Ether with a single IP segment.

Example: Ether3 – Router A: 192.168.170.2/24
Ether3 – Router B: 192.168.170.3/24
To avoid bridge loops, we use the STP / RSTP feature

7. On the Bridge tab, double click on the Bridge interface, select the tab STP, check the RSTP. Apply and OK.

8. After all finished. Do a ping from one router the other router

Configuring Routing

Here is a static route configuration settings so that all computers can connect to the internet and all computers can ping the other computer.

1. Turn src-nat/masquerade

In winbox, Select the menu IP – Firewall, do disable NAT on the tab at the masquerade with the click of a cross.

2. Add the IP Address on the interface used, the corresponding image above.

3. Add the IP Routes

Each RouterBoard have different tasks in adding an IP Router.
To add an IP router, select the menu IP – Routes.

Fill in the Dst. Gateway IP Address and conformity of data that has been given to each RouterBoard.

Router 1:
• Destination address: 0.0.0.0 / 0 Gateway: 10.10.10.1
• Destination address: 10.10.2.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.1.2
• Destination address: 10.10.3.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.1.2
• Destination address: 192.168.170.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.1.2
• Destination address: 192.168.171.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.1.2
• Destination address: 192.168.172.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.1.2
Router 2:
• Destination address: 0.0.0.0 / 0 Gateway: 10.10.1.1
• Destination address: 10.10.3.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.2.2
• Destination address: 192.168.171.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.2.2
• Destination address: 192.168.172.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.2.2
Router 3:
• Destination address: 0.0.0.0 / 0 Gateway: 10.10.2.1
• Destination address: 192.168.172.0/24 Gateway: 10.10.3.2
Router 4:
• Destination address: 0.0.0.0 / 0 Gateway: 10.10.3.1

If all configuration is completed. Try pinging from your computer to your friend’s computer.

List of 8 most dangerous viruses android

2011-08-17T21:45:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands
Applications android now developing very great, but this is in line with Android-based smartphone penetration in the market. Unfortunately android application development is also not free from viruses.
According to a study conducted Lookout Mobile Security, virus attacks against smart phones based on Android are on the rise today. This year an estimated one in three Android users will be attacked.
Virus-Vitus android application was generally aim to obtain user data, the smartphone as a victim of a botnet and manipulate the SMS system to send an SMS with the expensive cost.

Of the many viruses android, android virus list below is a virus that is considered the most dangerous android viruses for user.

1. Fake bank application.

This application aims to get data from the victim’s bank account. Someone named Droid09 upload these fake banking applications.

2. Android.PjappsM

Attackers upload good application of the android market and then injects malicious program named Android.Pjapps. The function of this is a malicious program to steal information android.Pjapps android devices victim. Then made the victim of a botnet to attack other devices as well as for sending SMS messages with high cost

3. Android.Geinimi

Android, Android devices Geinimi attacks in North America. Android malicious programs. Geinimi this corrupt game that is placed on the site downloaders china. The function of these malicious programs is to make Android devices into the botnet victims.

4. AndroidOS.FakePlayer

This malicious program is easy to steal information from users secretly. He will look like a multimedia player application. Once installed, it will send a premium SMS to Russia. Fortunately the attack occurred only in Russia.

5. DroidDream (aka Android.Rootcager)

DroidDream android is a virus that concentrate most of the Mobile Threat Report from the Lookout. This occurs because the ability of viruses to infect android legitimate programs. DroidDream infecting at least 60 legitimate applications in the Android Market.

6. Android.Bgserv

Virus android as if it serves as a cleanser of the virus DroidDream android. His behavior was too dangerous because of the stolen is the IMEI number and phone number the user then upload to a server in China.

7. GGTracker

This threat was born in June by displaying the page the mobile web version of Android Market. Then the victims are asked to download a battery-saving applications. Once installed, the rogue application that will send a premium SMS at the rate of U.S. $ 40 per SMS.

8. DroidKungFu

Android type of virus is one form of the virus is very crafty in its distribution. Attackers use the update mechanism to insert the virus.
Virus writers create a valid application and then wait until their victims are many. Then they released an update that it is a virus. The first example of this method is DroidKungFu.

Falcon HTV2 the most fastest plane ever made

2011-08-10T22:38:00.000-07:00

image source : guardian.co.uk

U.S. military to launch the fastest plane ever. Drone is named Falcon HTV-2, or Falcon Hypersonic Vehicle 2. With a speed of Mach 6, falcon HTV-2 is able to travel from London to Sydney in less than an hour.

2 Falcon HTV hypersonic aircraft was designed in the flight path to pass through outer space before it reentered Earth's atmosphere. That's why the Falcon HTV2 aircraft designed cable to withstand temperature 2000oC , a temperature that can melt steel.

Unfortunately this plane was designed not for peaceful purposes but as a vehicle to bring bombs into enemy territory in any part of the earth is less in less than an hour

HTV2 Falcon hypersonic flight program started in 2003 and funded by DARPA. DARPA is the military technology development institutions owned by the United States. In the test tunnel, the plane was tested up to the speed of mach 15. The materials used to make the Falcon hypersonic aircraft HTV2 is from carbon composite.

International standard for Color Code in Electrical Wiring

2011-08-10T20:27:00.000-07:00

Electrical stuff library, Wiring and Installation

Color Code for electrical wiring

Electrical wiring is something that requires foresight, planning, and a certain degree of know-how. Going into electrical wiring without these tools at your disposal can potentially have some pretty frightening consequences!

Electricity isn’t something to be toyed with haphazardly. – Having said that, it’s not something that you should necessarily be afraid of either. There are various codes and rules in place to make electrical wiring as easy and as safe as possible – both for professionals and beginners.

Aside from various electrical wiring handbooks, the first and primary tool at your disposal is the color code that has been established to aid in differentiating the various wires. These colors will often vary depending on region, so you’ll have to find out what it is for your area.

Color Code Wiring diagram for USA and Canada

There are some fundamental differences between the color code in Europe and that of the western hemisphere, such as Canada and the US. These regions are not the only places that variations exist, but I’ll assume the majority of those reading this article are from these areas. Please confirm all color codes with a second local professional source before commencing construction.

Standard Electrical Color Code in most of Europe (IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission) Ground or Earth: green-yellow. Neutral: blue. Hot: brown, black, and grey for 3-phase. Single phase is brown.

Standard Electrical Color Code in the US and Canada Ground or Earth: bare, green, or green-yellow. Neutral: white. Hot: black, red, and blue, for 3-phase. Single phase is black, and red if there’s a second active.

Once the power has reached your breaker, it is then typically divided throughout your home to your various wall sockets, lights, and appliances. This is where you will probably benefit from knowing the color code as you’ll know which is hot, which is neutral and so forth. As you can see from the above data, the “color trend” for electrical wiring seems to be black or brown for hot, and white or blue for the neutral. Again, you should get confirmation for your particular country and region for good measure!

Another way to find this out is to go to your breaker and examine where the individual wires come out. If there are any labels telling what is hot and what is neutral, this will serve as proof. And yet another way is to pull a light switch out of the wall (temporarily) and see which color wire is being “switched”. If your home has been wired correctly, the hot wire should be running through the switch, with the neutral bypassing the switch and going straight to the light fixture.

If any of these double-checks result in conflicting patterns, you should probably contact a local certified electrician explaining the situation and request advice. There’s a possibility that the prior landowner did some tamperin’ of his own. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Aigo_Shimonaka with modification

Step by step mikrotik firewall tutorial

2011-08-05T20:30:00.000-07:00

Firewall or fire-wall is a system or device that allows network traffic that is considered safe for traffic through it and prevent an insecure network. Generally, a wall-fire applied in a dedicated machine, running on the gateway (gateway) between the local network and other networks. Fire-walls are also generally used to control access to anyone who has access to a private network from outside parties. Currently, the term firewall is a common term that refers to the system that regulates communication between two different networks. Can be shown in the picture below

Firewall configuration by using the Rules:

1. Run Winbox and select MAC Address that has been detected, click the Connect button. can be viewed as shown below:

Firewall by using the Filter Rules

2. Select the IP firewall, it will appear as shown below:

3. Select add and On the General tab, Chain, select forward
it will appear like the following picture
4.Due to block or divert a Url destinationnya it must be known to determine the Destination Address of a Url with a way to open the New Terminal or can use the Windows Command. Can be seen as shown below

5. Type the ping command and the Url that will be known example ping Destination Address uad.ac.id enter. Will display the IP Address.
6. Enter the Url to the Dst IP Address on New Firewall Rule window. As in the picture below:

7. In New Firewall Rule Action window, select Action Accept and then click OK.
8. Open New Terminal or Commond windows. Then ping url and see What Happens?
9. Select the IP firewall

10. Select add and On the General tab, Chain, select forward
it will appear like the following picture:

11. In Winbox menu click new terminal will display a terminal window. Then ping the site to be blocked or yahoo.com for example detik.com detik.com enter the ping command it will exit the IP Url.
12. Enter the Url to the Dst IP Address on New Firewall Rule. As shown below

13. In New Firewall Rule window select Action and the Action menu select the drop press OK.

14. Common Open windows and then ping a site that blocked earlier. Can it be pinged or not?
15. Open the browser and run the site that you’d block. Does it still can be opened or not?

Divert A Url Url to another.

16. Open a new window by selecting New Firewall IP Firewall Click the Add or signs it will come

out like the following picture:

17. Eg enter the Destination IP Address 118.97.8.18
IP is the IP of www.uad.ac.id to know the IP by clicking New terminal and type the command ping uad.ac.id or by using a common Windows commands to Start Run type cmd and then OK or press Enter. Furthermore, in eg ping ping uad.ac.id press Enter it will display the IP Url.
18. In New Firewall Rule Action select jump. At the Jump Target type with IP 118.97.8.18
IP is the IP www.ee.uad.ac.id to find out the IP network by going to New Terminal or by using the Windows Common ee.uad.ac.id type the ping command then press OK

Basic of Mikrotik RouterOS

2011-08-03T20:13:00.000-07:00

RouterOS is the operating system and software capable of making PCs based on Intel / AMD is able to perform the function of routers, bridges, firewalls, bandwidth settings, wireless AP or client, and many other functions. RouterOS can do nearly all networking functions as well as some server functions.

Types of MikroTik.

1. MikroTik RouterOS.

MikroTik version is in the form of software that can be installed on home computers (PCs) through the CD. You can download the image file from the official website MikroTik RouterOS MikroTik, www.mikrotik.com. However, this image file is a trial version MikroTik which can only be used within 24 hours. To be able to use it full time, you must purchase a license key to record a single license key for only one hard drive.

2. Built In Hardware MikroTik.

MikroTik is in the form of hardware that is specially packaged in a board in which a router already installed MikroTik RouterOS. For this version, the license is included in the price of board MikroTik router.

Remote MikroTik.

1. Remote uses WinBox.

WinBox is an application that changes the ‘black white’ MikroTik into GUI mode is user friendly compared to other routers are still using the console mode.

2. Remote using the browser.

MikroTik condition that the computer can be remote from the browser is MikroTik already have an IP address.

3. Remote using Telnet.

You may want to use telnet remote MikroTik through application program “command prompt” (cmd) existing Windows installation. However, the use of telnet is not recommended in the network due to security issues.

4. Remotely using SSH.

If you use the Windows operating system, you will be able to remote MikroTik through ssh protocol using Putty application. However, if you’re using Linux, ssh is installed by default so you do not need anymore such applications Putty.

Mccb ratings and general specification

2011-08-01T20:16:00.000-07:00

Molded case circuit breakers (MCCBs), insulated case circuit breakers (ICCBs),and power circuit breakers(PCBs) are used by electrical engineers in power distribution system designs primarily to protect low-voltage electrical equipment and circuits. Safe application requires an understanding of their performance and ratings. Proper application of these devices can ensure continuity of power during system disturbances. So we must know basic MCCB ratings and spesification
A. General Standard for MCCB

MCCBs will be manufactured to meet the general requirements of IEC/EN60947-2
MCCBs will have isolation characteristics to fully satisfy the requirements of IEC/EN60947-2and main switch characteristics to fully satisfy the requirements of IEC/EN 60 204-1
MCCBs will satisfy the requirement for “Protective Measures” as defined in chapters 41 – 48of IEC/EN 60 364. That is:

Protection against thermal influences
Protection of cables and wiring against over-current
Protection against under-voltages
Provision for isolation and switching
Provision for the application of additional protective measures
Selectivity of protective measures determined by external influences

B. Ratings mccb
a). Voltage Ratings

• Ue = Rated operational voltage
• Ui = Rated insulation voltage
• Uimp = Rated impulse withstand voltage

b).Current ratings

• In = Rated current
• Ith = Conventional free –air thermal current
• Ithe = Conventional enclosed thermal current

c). Short Circuit ratings

• Icm = Rated short circuit making capacity
• Icu = Rated ultimate short circuit breaking capacity
• Ics = Rated service short circuit breaking capacity
• Icw = Rated short time withstand current

d). Trip unit ratings

• Ir = Adjustable overload setting current
• 1.05xIr = Conventional non –tripping current
• 1.30xIr = Conventional tripping current
• Isd = Short time delay tripping setting current
• Ii = Instantaneous tripping setting current

Basic concept PLC 5 and SLC 500 (Allen Bradley PLC’S) simulation

2011-07-25T20:37:00.001-07:00

Dear all hands

Allen Bradley PLC now offer more friendly tool to learn their PLC programming.

To learn programming Allen Bradley PLC software we need is:
1. RSlogix emulate
2. RS ladder 500
3. RS link

RS Logix emulate function as follows:
a. Mimicked the behavior of Allen Bradley PLCs (PLC-5 series or SLC 500)
b. Execute our diagram ladder
c. Allows us to predict what would happen if a program inserted into a real PLC.
When a PLC executes the program then what happens is the process of scanning program (can be 10 to 50 times per second), in this scanning process occurs:
1. Checking table data updates caused by the response I / O
2. Program execution, followed by updating the data table
3. Updating I / O based on the data table
This scanning process can be described as follows:

Since in our simulations are not connected to the I / O module is as a substitute for the Input module is a debug file. Debug file is part of the ladder diagrams are used to simulate the input.

RSLogix Emulate uses your computer’s CPU to scan the rungs in your ladder program. The rungs in your program read inputs from and write outputs to the data table stored offline with your ladder logic project. The offline data table is

also active during emulation. RSLogix Emulate reads the ladder program and data table into your computer’s

memory before executing the ladder logic. The files on your disk are not affected by the emulator. The basic order of events during emulation is no different from when a processor runs a project. RSLogix Emulate scans your rungs, pauses to update the output and input image tables, and scans your rungs again. (During normal operation, RSLogix Emulate repeats the program scan until you tell it to stop.There are other scanning modes you can use.)

Basic Instruction Glofa ladder diagram programming tutorial part II : Up Counter (CTU)

2011-07-13T22:00:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands,

It’s the third my posting about glofa ladder programming tutorial. So you can see this post as successor of my second post about glofa programming tutorial.In this post I want to talk about CTU or up cainter basic instruction. Basically CTU is incremental counter.

Ladder symbol for CTU (UpCounter).

Explanantion :

CU : Up counter pulse input, : triggering input for start increment counting,

R : Reset input, when its value is , CV value will reset back to zero..

PV : Preset Value,: counter maximum setting value, type data integer with value range between :-32768 – 32768

Q : Up counter output, counter output that will be executed if CV value reach PV value.

CV : Current Value, recent counter value being displayed.

Ladder diagram example for CTU :

In glofa ladder diagram above, Counter PV value is 10, when “%Q0.0.0” on, then counter will start count from 0 to 10, when CV reach its max value (10), then output counter (OUT1) will on, its make output “%Q0.0.0” also on and PV value will reset back . If. Jika input “%I0.0.1” (reset input) on, then i current value (CV) will also back to zero.

Glofa ladder diagram programming basic instruction PART 1

2011-07-12T18:55:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands

After we understanding the basic concept of glofa ladder diagram pogramming , we now can start with glofa ladder diagram programming basic instruction, for increase speed our learning process of glofa programming we can summary the most often used basic instruction.

Counter Function :

CTD or Counter down

Ladder symbol for CTD :

Explanation :

CD : Down counter pulse input, input trigger for starting counter. When CTD is ON , CTD will count in decrement counting.

LD : Loads preset value,: If LD has value 1 , CV value will be restored as PV value.

PV : Preset Value: is a maximum setting value of the counter. Its range between :-32768 – 32768 , with integer data type.

Q : Down counter output,: counter output that will be executed if the counter reach 0 or negative value..

CV : Current Value, : is the value being displayed when counter incounting condition.

Figure below depicted an example ladder diagram programming use CTD , counter basic instruction

Ladder diagram program above ,maximum value is 1, when input “%Q0.0.0” , then counter will count decremently fro 10 to , so that CV value reach zero or negative value then output counter (OUT1) will on, and output “%Q0.0.0” also on. If input “%I0.0.1” on, the current value (CV) will back to Preset Value (PV) in this chase is 10.

The difference between difference amplifier and instrumentation amplifier

2011-07-10T19:49:00.001-07:00

Dear all hands

Some time we need more powerfull amplifier, specially when we deal with transducer that its output is very small such of thermocouple. And the answer Is instrumentation amplifier.
Why difference amplifier did not adequate on such application? The difference amplifer is satisfactory for low impedance source, buts its input impedance is too low for high output impedance sensor. Furthermore , If the input signal very low level and inckude signal noise, the difference amplifier is unable to extract a satisfactory difference signal. The solution is not difference amplifier but instrumentation amplifier.
Instrumentation amplifier has the following characteristic :
a. Instrumentation amplifier has Very high input impedance
b. Large CMMR: CMMR is the ratio of the difference mode gain to the common mode gain. The difference mode gain is the amplification factor for the difference between the input signals, and the common mode gain is the amplification factor for the average of the input signal. For an ideal instrumentation amplifier and difference amplifier , the common mode gain is zero, implying an infinite CMMR. But sure the ideal instrumentation amplifier isnot exist.
c. Instrumentation amplifier has capability to amplify low level signal in noisy environment (due to high CMMR)
d. Instrumentation amplifier has consisten bandwidth over a large range of gain.
Instrumentation amplifier are commercially available as monolithic IC( ex. AD 5234, AD624 or LM 623). In these instrumentation amplifier ICs , a single external resistor is used to set gain.
But theorycally, we can made an instrumentation amplifier using op-amp. There are many instrumentation amplifier circuit design , following figure show an instrumentation amplifier circuit use three op-amp.

Three op-amp Instrumentation amplifier circuit simulation using proteus

2011-07-10T18:39:00.000-07:00

Dear all hand

As iam said before that theorically we can build our our instrumentation use op-amp. But its very challenging to simulate our instrumentation amplifer before we make it real. As usual we use proteus isi to build and to simulate our instrumentation amplifer .

Very important for us to use ideal op-amp in build instrumentation amplifier circuit that we want to simulate

What we need is:

3 ideal op-amp
6 ideal resistor
1 Vsine
One potentio

And we arrange components above become three op-amp instrumentation circuit below :

The input and output relationship of the instrumentation amplifier above is :

Applying ohm law to R1 gives :

And we can rearrange equation above become :

And finally we get the output :

In this simulation we take R4= R5 .

To view output and input of this instrumentation amplifier we use oscilloscope (located at left bar of Proteus Isis)

Set V1 (sine ) at 4mV and 10 hz , and run simulate , the simulation result depicted below :

Basic Principle work of transistor current source

2011-07-06T20:48:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands

Transistor Current source although often neglected are as important and as useful as voltage source. Transistor current source often provide an excellent way to bias a transistors, an transistor current source are unequaled as “active load” for super gain amplifier stage and as emitter source for differential amplifier.

Integrator, saw tooth generator and ramp generator are need current source. Transistor current source also needed in outside world such of in electrophoresis or electrochemistry.

Basic principle work for current source is the circuit capable to hold current at desired value despite the load is change.

Below is transistor current source circuit with basic principle work :

Basic principle work of transistor current source circuit above is :

Applying VB to the base, with VB > 0,6 v
Ensures that emitter is always conducting :

VE =VB-0,6 V

IE = VE/RE = (VB-0,6 v)/RE

But , since IE =IC for very large hfe

IC = (VB-0,6)/RE

From latest expresion, load current in this current source circuit just only depend on RE value, an independent from load value

We can simulate transistor current source circuit above with proteus isis.

Single ended Practical Sensor Amplifiers Circuit with Op-Amp

2011-07-05T21:31:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands

Some time when we want to measure a signal we must amplify it before we can measure it. To amplify signal we can use sensor amplifier. Sensor amplifier can easily constructed from op-amp or we can use certain linear amplifier IC devices.

Practical sensor amplifier topology is divided in two category , that is:

Single ended practical sensor amplifier
Differential practical sensor amplifier
Isolated practical sensor amplifier

Figure below show single ended practical sensor circuit with op-amp :

Basically single ended practical sensor amplifier above is inverting amplifier. Its called single ended practical sensor amplifier because in this practical sensor amplifier its input mode is not in differential mode (output from sensor its referenced to ground not with another signal).

Main drawback of this practical sensor amplifier is that it hasn’t very high input impedance. Gain of this sensor amplifier circuit is : -(R2/R1).

But if we need single ended practical sensor amplifier with very high input impedance we can use another single ended practical sensor amplifier as depicted below :

High impedance single ended practical sensor amplifier circuit above basically is a non inverting amplifier, its has very high input impedance and its gain is : 1-(R2/R1)

Tips on earth Resistance Measurement and Improvement

2011-07-04T00:24:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands

We know that grounding system is a crucial part in electrical safety system to avoid a man being shodked by electrical current. The main function of grounding system is to give a path for short circuit current and to give same ekuipotensial level in metal body or chase of electrical tool.

Before we decided what kind of grounding system that will we use , we must know the value of earth resistance in the location we will burry grounding rod. Earth resistance commonly determined by it soil type and compositon

Below is table of earth resistance on various soil type :

Table above just only average value of earth resistance, so we must conduct earth resistance measurement before installing gound rod. To conduct earth measurement we can use earth tester. Earth tester is now comerically available.

Earth tester for earth resistance measurement commonly equipped with 3 rod , below is the rod name for earth resistance measurement:

Potential rod
Voltage Rod
Reference rod

For more clear , figure below depicted an earth tester with rod for earth resistance measurement :

A is reference rod

B Is potential rod

C is current rod

For good earth resistance measurement, tree rod above is located with span 5 m each other . Ideally soil with good earth resistance has earth resistance below 5 ohm. And sometime we must conduct earth resistance improvement to meet our need.

To conduct earth resistance improvement with can add or pour salt material in our grounding rod hole but we must careful when chose salt material for earth resistance measurement because it can erode the ground rod. Usually for earth resistance improvement we can use salt from manganese .

Practical DC Differential Amplifier For Sensor Amplifiers Circuit with Op-Am

2011-07-03T20:13:00.000-07:00

Practical DC Differential Amplifier For Sensor Amplifiers Circuit with Op-Am

Dear all hand

When we want to supresse interference in our practical sensor amplifier its mean we must use a pratical differential amplifier for sensor amplifier that has ability to suppress interference, and the answer is differential amplifer.

In many system the input leads pickup 60hz from the power line feeds that permeate all electrical building. In single ended practical sensor amplifier , the 60 hz interfering signal treated as valid input.

But in practical differential amplifier the two leads affected equally by the field so they present equal strength signal to the (-) and (+) input. In differential amplifier , just only the difference of two inputs treated as desired signal.

There are two basic configuration of differential amplifier for sensor:

The DC differential amplifier circuit for sensor signal amplifier
Instrumentation amplifier

Below is a figure depicted practical differential amplifier circuit for practical sensor amplifier:

This practical differential amplifier for sensor need to ensure that two input reistance is in balance (R1 = R2) and also feedback resistor in balance (R4=R3), if this two condition is satisfied output will follow this equation : Vout = (Vin+-Vin-) x R3/R1.

Limitation of this practical dc differential amplifier include a reatively low maximum ain and a low input impedance (set by R1 and R2). These problem are overcome in more advanced practical differential amplifier called the instrumentation amplifier.

The most simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress

2011-07-01T22:38:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands
Im very happy when my adsense had been approved. But in first time i have difficulty to attach adsense in wordpress. So i try to find in the net the simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress. Luckily after so many failed search to find the simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress i found what is has search. Below is my summary and i think its the most simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress.
My summary on the most simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress :
1. First step : open wordpress an login as admin

2. In plugin menu, choose add plug in an search plugin with adsense as keyword

3. You will be offered with so many adsense plug in, chose daemon adsense plugin , i think via this plugin we can get the most simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress

4. After chose daemon plug in, then install it and activate it.

5. If you finished all steps above, we back to wordpress dashboard6. In wordpress dashboard, chose setting menu (it located in left corner )

7. in ,setting menu choose adsense daemon

8. In adsense daemon there are will be offered for four adsense, for first time its better to chose one adsense only.9. And the final step is to pimp adsense appearance in our web
For me, steps above its the most simplest way to attach adsense in wordpress, but surely its not enough for someone who more advanced in web programming and if you is in this category you can use another adsense plug in. have nice try!

Null Modem Serial port interfacing between two PC

2011-06-23T23:26:00.000-07:00

Dear all hand

Serial port interfacing maybe for many of us is nightmare. Its can be uderstandd because in serial port interfacing out of data nature, i means in serial port interfacing data didnot came out as a pararel data but in serial data. But serial data communication become backbone ini nowadays digital comunication. So to help good understanding about serial port interfacing we could learn it with simple communication project, such of connecting two computer via null modem serial port interfacing.

We must understand in purpose make null modem serial port interfacing, ind program firstly we must define:

1. Speed of rate ( or baud rate of serial port interfacing)

2. we must define whom com port is being used (example com1, 2 etc)

Wiring circuit for null modem serial port interfacing

Figure below show null modem serial port interfacing with db25P connector. Maybe its quite old but its still backbone of the serial communication nowdays.

PCB layout for analog PID Controller Circuit

2011-06-21T23:05:00.000-07:00

Dear all hands

After finished my design on analog PID controller circuit, I has plan to build real analog PID controller circuit , so is not only simulation circuit. I use Ares 7 from proteus to generate analog PID circuit pcb layout. Because in my country its hard to find op-amp with single pole supply, decided classical double pole supply op-amp. Below is the picture of analog PID controller circuit pcb layout

To avoid wiring complexticity, use double layer pcb for this analog PID controller circuit.

Jobs vacancy

2011-06-21T00:57:00.000-07:00

I have plant to collect jobs vacancy over the globe, hope it will help somebody who wants news jobs

PID (Proportional Diferential Integral) Analog Controller Circuit Project based on-amp using Simulation With Proteus

2011-05-05T21:12:00.000-07:00

Finally i finished my job, designing PID analog controller circuit using op-amp. For design work, i use proteus as CAD /CAE tool. And Proteus didn't make me disappointed, even idn't verivy the result matematically. Below the circuit :

I use ideal op-ap to contruct this analog PID controller circuit. But if you want to change analog PID controller circuit become more realistic , you just change the ideal op-amp in analog pid controller circuit with real world p-amp such of Lm 341.
We can simulate analog PID controller circuit with certain set point , below is the result figure :

I use set point at about 6,4 V to simulate analog PID controller circuit, and a dc motor as plant
if you want this analog pid controller circuit (in proteus isis file) , you can mail me at ourlibro@gmail.com,

Understanding ISA diagram

2011-02-02T17:22:00.001-08:00

Voltage to Current Converter with LM741

2010-09-08T21:19:00.000-07:00

Dear all hand

Sometime for BJT biasing purpose we often need a V-I converter, this circuit intended as current supply for the BJT. From academic book we know that there are two kind of V-I circuit:

1. Floating load

2.Non floating load

Koneksi internet Axis dengan modem USB Huawei E1630

2010-09-07T16:21:00.000-07:00

Beberapa hari lalu, saya cari modem usb Setelah keliling jogja akhirnya tak putuskan untuk makai modem usb huawei E1630. Kelihatan dari paket bungkusnya kalo modem ini sebetulnya di bundle dengan operator seluler di Jerman (T Mobile), hanya entah gimana caranya dijual di Indoesia . Dari bungkusnya ini modem kelihatannya suport HSDPA, UMTS dan GPRS, harganya pas tak beli skitar Rp 325000, lumayanlah.

Sudah dapat modem nya skrang tinggal milih providernya....setelah dapat petunjuk dari rekan dan kolega akhirnya aku milih Axis, katanya murih gurih persis di prominya.

Aku paket perdanaya 15 rebu dapat pulsa 5000 lalu saya nambah pulsa 20000; lalu tak buat konek ke internet , setingnya :

sms dulu ke operator :

data (Spasi) nokia 2330

Saya pakai hp dulu karena untuk registrasi sekalian karena USB modemnya tak bisa melakukan Call

Nah Setelah dapat sms balasan mau paket berapa tinggal pilih ( paket 4000, 8000 dst)

setelah beres urusan milih-memilih paket, simcardnya saya pindah ke modem USB , nah setelah itu tinggal di software bawaan modem ((Mobile Partner) ; kita pilih menu

Tools-diagnostic-profile manajemen

di profile manajemen kita set koneksi profile sbb :

APN:AXIS

User=Axis

PWD=12345

Nah setelah beres tinggal kita coba koneksinya , saya coba buat mbuka mbah google, ternya butuh sekitar 5 detik, koneksinya makin payah kalo membuka lebih dari 1 page...

tapi yang paling bikin kesel, pas trafik meternya nyampai angka 30 Mb, ko'it koneksinya, usut punya usut kuotanya habis,...saya sudah kecewa berat sama operator dari malasia ini (dulu pernah pakai smart...lalu sekarang A****...karena cari murah ya..)

Saya buang simcard axis lalu dapat bisikan untuk pakai treee , (saya nggak tahu ini operator malessia atau ndak..), sore itu juga sehabis mbuang A**** saya pergi ke konter untuk cari kartu perdana treee goddbye A....

Eh.... ternyata kartu perdanaya ada yang 2500, dapet pulsa 3000...murih ya..?

agak dek-degan juga sih jangan-jangan kaya operator A*** itu

lalu saya pergi lagi untuk nambah pulsa 50000 perak.....; dan hasilnya jauh -jauh memuaskan dbanding operator A****tadi mudah-mudahan nggak hanya pas promo saja.

Untuk koneksi internetan pakai three ada bagiannya sendiri...

Making your self tachometer based on LM2907 /LM2917

2010-07-30T23:00:00.000-07:00

Dear allhand

After i make F-V converter with LM331 , now i wanna make this converter with more dedicated IC the LM2709 ic, below is the pic

Even this circuit maybe just stright forward from application note but we must make sure that pulses fom rotary encoder fall beyond treshold voltage in pin 11.

Driving LCD with AVR ATMega

2010-06-22T22:39:00.000-07:00

Software for AVR microcontroler EVBU

2010-06-22T00:12:00.000-07:00

How To Make DC Motor Model in Proteus

2010-05-12T18:22:00.001-07:00

Dear all hand

Proteus is a powerful CAD tool. Unfortunately for the modeling of dc motors, we can not directly edit the internal parameters such as the coefficient for the dc motor back emf. To overcome this, we can model the dc motor with him as voltage generators. You do this by connecting the encoder output dc motor with frequency converter to the voltage loop. Then the character of dc motor is modeled by giving input in step units.

For details of modeling circuit for dc motor can be seen below:

An then we apply unit step as input , and record its response with analog recorder, below is the result :

Hand made adaptor

2010-04-23T00:29:00.000-07:00

Few days ago i made an adaptor (AC to DC tool), and i itended to use it for my AVR modul.

Below is the circuit ( In ISIS proteus):

This circuit use LM7805 and 7812 as voltage regulator and use by pas transistor (MJ2955) for current booster , so it deliver more than 1,5 A .

Below is the PCB:

Tutorial AVRcode vision with Proteus Simulation : Right Shift Led

2010-03-07T18:12:00.000-08:00

After we succes to shift turning on led , now we will make led turn on right shifting.

Below is the source code :

Proteus simulation with help of AVRcodeVision : Shifting LED On left

2010-02-28T19:14:00.000-08:00

This my first program use AVR code vision. This program is to make left shifting a group of led.

Simply we ca use code generator wizard that provided in AVR codevision, this time i'm use port C as output port.
Below is the code for make left shifting of the led :

Program explanation :

PORTC= 0xFF // for turn off all led
k= 128; inisialisation for PORTC subtrahend (128 dec= 1000 0000 bin)
PORTC= 0x FF -k;// make D1 led turn on( 1111111-10000000= 0111 1111)
delay_ms(2000);// delay function calling
k =k/2; // prepare for next step subtrahend

And the circuit ( as ussual i use proteus, so we can simulate it)

and this the video simulation :

If you want to make simulation by your self you can download program file (in c file) and proteus circuit .....selamat mencoba..!!!

LM331 Frequency to voltage converter circuit design with simulation in Proteus

2010-02-19T23:24:00.000-08:00

Dear al hands, Im sorry this post is moved to :http://ourlibro.com/2011/07/08/lm331-frequency-to-voltage-converter-circuit-design-with-simulation-in-proteus/

Second Day AT89s51 Tutorial : Driving led in Ring Counter

2010-01-24T19:23:00.000-08:00

Program for turning on LED in RING COUNTER mode

(sequentially shifting and repeating mode)

Circuit For Second Day

Program list :

Org 0h

Mov A, #1111110B; fill Acumulator with 11111110 binerr

Setb C ; set cary flag become 1

Start:

Mov P3,A ; push A fill to the output (P3)

Acall Ldelay ; call Ldelay sub

Rlc A ; Rotate Accu left with carrry

; <-C b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0<-

; |_____________________________|

Sjmp start ;jump to start label

; ----------------

; Sub Rutine delay

;-----------------

Delay : Mov R0, #0FFh ; fill RO reg with FF

Delay1:

Djnz R0,Delay1 ; decrement R0 and if not zero jum to delay1

Ret ; come back to the adres affter ACALL delay instruction

; ----------------

; Sub Rutine Ldelay

;-----------------

Ldelay : Mov R1, #20h ; fill R1 reg with 20 h

Ldelay1:

Acall Delay ;

Djnz R1,Ldelay1 ; decrement R0 and if not zero jum to delay1

Ret ; come back to the adres affter ACALL delay instruction

;

end

Program expalanation:

At first we load the Accu with 11111110 and push it to P3 port,as result P3.0 led will turn on (because P3.0 = 0)

To make the shift of led turning, we use RLC (Rotate Left with Carry) instruction, but with carry setting become 1 as first,

This carry bit useful to make all led turn off after 9 time shifting. Below state table of ACCU register and Carry Register After every shift operation

Shifting	C	b7	b6	b5	b4	b3	b2	b1	b0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0
2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1
3	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1
4	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1
6	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1
7	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1
8	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
9	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

RS232 Connections, and wiring up serial devices

2010-01-21T19:07:00.000-08:00

Original use of RS232

When we look at the connector pinout of the RS232 port, we see two pins which are certainly used for flow control. These two pins are RTS, request to send and CTS, clear to send. With DTE/DCE communication (i.e. a computer communicating with a modem device) RTS is an output on the DTE and input on the DCE. CTS is the answering signal comming from the DCE.

Before sending a character, the DTE asks permission by setting its RTS output. No information will be sent until the DCE grants permission by using the CTS line. If the DCE cannot handle new requests, the CTS signal will go low. A simple but useful mechanism allowing flow control in one direction. The assumption is, that the DTE can always handle incomming information faster than the DCE can send it. In the past, this was true. Modem speeds of 300 baud were common and 1200 baud was seen as a high speed connection.

For further control of the information flow, both devices have the ability to signal their status to the other side. For this purpose, the DTR data terminal ready and DSR data set ready signals are present. The DTE uses the DTR signal to signal that it is ready to accept information, whereas the DCE uses the DSR signal for the same purpose. Using these signals involves not a small protocol of requesting and answering as with the RTS/CTS handshaking. These signals are in one direction only.

The last flow control signal present in DTE/DCE communication is the CD carrier detect. It is not used directly for flow control, but mainly an indication of the ability of the modem device to communicate with its counter part. This signal indicates the existence of a communication link between two modem devices.

Loop Back Connection

While the normal PC hardware might well run with just Tx, Rx and Ground connected, most driver software will wait forever for one of the handshaking lines to go to the correct level. Depending on the signal state it might sometimes work, other times it might not. The reliable solution is to loop back the handshake lines if they are not used.

When the lines are handshake looped, the RTS output from the PC immediately activates the CTS input - so the PC effectively controls its own handshaking.

Connection without handshaking

Connecting together two serial devices involves connecting the Rx of one device to the Tx of the other, and vice versa. The diagram below indicates how you would go about connecting two PC's together, without handshaking.

Connection With Full handshaking

When Handshaking is required, generally RTS of one device connects to CTS of the other, and vice versa, and also DSR of one device connects to DTR of the other device, and vice versa. The particular requirements for different equipment may vary.

Compatibility issues

The null modem cable with full handshaking does not permit the older way of flow control to take place. The main incompatibility is the cross connection of the RTS and CTS pins. Originally, these pins are used for a question/answer type of flow control. When the full handshaking null modem cable is used, there is no request anymore. The lines are purely used for telling the other side if communication is possible.

The main advantage of this cable is, that there are two signalling lines in each direction. Both the RTS and DTR outputs can be used to send flow control information to the other device. This makes it possible to achieve very high communication speeds with this type of null modem cable, provided that the software has been designed for it. Because of the high possible connection speed, this null modem cable can be used with Interlink to connect two MS-DOS PC's.

This is the type of cable Microsoft recommends for the direct cable connection in their knowledge base article. For the DB9 connector they also added a connection of DTR to CD on each connector but they didn't define this connection for the DB25 connector version and they also didn't mention the CD input in the descriptive text, so it is safe to leave the CD input disconnected.

Tutorial AT8951 with Proteus : Driving LED

2010-01-19T19:18:00.000-08:00

Dear al hand
In first tutor , we want to drive seven led (LED as out put) with AT89051 mic.

1. First we must draw the circuit below(click the image to enlarge and download (in proteus file)) :

Fig.1 : Driving LED

We use P3 port as out port, connect this port with seven led in common cathode configuration. So if we want activate a led, we must send '0' to the coresponding port.

Below is the program for driving led turning ON two group led alternatelly:

Org 0h

Start :

Mov P3,#000001111B ; LED p3.4---P3.7 ON

Acall Ldelay ; call Ldelay sub

Mov P3,#11110000B ; P3.0---P3.3 ON

Acall Ldelay;

Sjmp Start; jump to start

; ----------------

; Sub Rutine delay

;-----------------

Delay : Mov R0, #0FFh ; fill RO reg with FF

Delay1:

Djnz R0,Delay1 ; decrement R0 and if not zero jum to delay1

Ret ; come back to the adres affter ACALL delay instruction

; ----------------

; Sub Rutine Ldelay

;-----------------

Ldelay : Mov R1, #0FFh ; fill R1 reg with FF

Ldelay1:

Acall Delay ;

Djnz R1,Ldelay1 ; decrement R0 and if not zero jum to delay1

Ret ; come back to the adres affter ACALL delay instruction

Ret

Ldelay sub is used for hold one group led in on condition; after delay time elapsed, another led group will turn on. Clik for download asm file.

We can program this circuit with C language :
# include
Delay( long int d)
{ //delay subs
long int i;
for (i=0; i<=d; i++) {} }// end delay sub unsigned char j,k; main() { do {k= 1; for (j=0;j<=7;j++)// repeat for seven time { P3= 0xFF-k; // turning on led k delay(10000); k=k*2;// left shifting }o for (j=0;j<=7;j++)// repeat for seven time P3= 0xFF-k; // turning on led k delay(10000); k=k/2;// right shifting } //end do } while (1);//main loop }

Serial Interfacing : Send ADC data to PC serially - RS 232 using MIC AT89S51

2010-01-15T17:46:00.000-08:00

>Serial Interfacing : Send ADC data to PC serially - RS 232

Dear al hand

Sometime we want transmit our data to the point that locatedat at long distance for our computer. It means that we must use serial port .

Before we proceed the project further, one big think that always must be remember, that computer process its data in pararel format default. Another one that we must concern, is standard voltage for serial data transmission is different with TTL voltage.

In order to convert from serial voltage standard in to TTL we use ic converter MAX22, and in order to convert serial data into parael data, we use mic 89s51

Image below shown the main concep of circuitry to send data from an ADC to a computer.

Step 2: Make the program, we can use assembly editor to write this program:

org 0h

call initserial

;

start: mov a,p2; pick data from adc

call Sendout; call sendout subs

sjmp start

;

Sendout:

detect: jnb ti,detect;

clr ti ;

mov sbuf,a ;

ret

;

initserial:

mov scon,#52h;initialize serial mode 1

mov tmod,#20h;timer1 mode 2

mov th1,#0F3h;Reload value for baud rate 2400

setb tr1

ret

end

Compile it to hex, then download it to the AT89s51 flash rom (using downloader).

This program will send 8 bit data to the RS 232 converter.

Harmonic Voltage in Single-phase full wave rectifier, Continouse dan Discontinouse mode

2010-01-12T19:32:00.000-08:00

Harmonic in Single-phase full wave rectifier, Continouse dan Discontinouse mode

Dear all hand…

As we know, basic configuration for single phase rectifier depicted below:

In this configuration, we use LC filter in DC side

Two common reasons for including the dc-side L-C filter:

• Obtain good dc output voltage (large C) and acceptable ac line

current waveform (large L)

• Filter conducted EMI generated by dc load (small L and C)

Harmonic distortion in rectifier circuit, was also determined by L, and there are 2 mode o rectifier operation:

a. Continuose Current Mode (CCM), below image of an sinusoid Voltage source (Vg), that being loaded by a load with large L, that draw Continuose current in rectifier .

Image above for Large L

As L → ~, ac line current approaches a square wave, in this situation, distortion factor become:

b. Discontinous Current Mode (DCM)

Small L Typical ac line waveforms for DCM :As L approaching zero , current approaches impulse functions (peak detection).

As the inductance is reduced, the THD rapidly increases, and the distortion factor decreases.

Typical distortion factor of a full-wave rectifier with no inductor is in the range 55% to 65%, and is governed by ac system inductance.

So in this situation, specially for rectifier that uses small L like in a SMPS, will introduce large THD.

Sometimes the L-C filter is present only to remove high-frequency conducted EMI generated by the dc load, and is not intended to modify the ac line current waveform. If L and C are both zero, then the load resistor is connected directly to the output of the diode bridge, and the ac line current waveform is purely sinusoidal .

An approximate argument: the L-C filter has negligible effect on the ac line current waveform provided that the filter input impedance Zi has zero phase shift at the second harmonic of the ac line frequency, 2 fL.

An the approximation graph is:

Tutorial Gmwin 3: Making GMwin Program

2010-01-07T00:40:00.000-08:00

Dear all hand

This tutor is a thirt part of my tutor in GMwin, and it is talk about how to make ladder program from GMwin.

1. Step 1 : GMwin Activation > click GMwin from program menu, this winow will appear on first time

2. Step 2: Make a Project> a. Click New Project icon

b. Or from dialog box, click Project - New

Now we can enter project name and select the PLC type we use.

3. Step 3:

INterfacing: Paralel Port Interfacing with PPI 8255

2010-01-05T23:58:00.001-08:00

Iam sorry, now this post moved to:http://ourlibro.com/2011/07/07/interfacing-parallel-port-interfacing-with-ppi-8255-circuit/

PLC Automation tutorial: how to connect PLC with Gmwin, and cable circuit and specification

2009-12-21T23:34:00.000-08:00

WMwHow make connection between GMWIN and PLC

In GMWIN connect to the PLC, you must first define two choices :

1. Connection Method
2. Depth of Connection in connection choices.

There are four different methods of connection:

1.Using the RS-232C.
2. MODEM
3. Communication modules (GLOFA Fnet / Mnet for PCs) and
4. Network (Ethernet),

There are three different depth of connections that is:
1. Local
2. Remote 1 and
3. Remote 2.

If you are using Windows 3.x operating system, then do not support how to connect using the communication module and
Network.
Step for connection setting : Select ' Connect' option in the menu Project - Option.

Connection Method

How to use the RS-232C Connection
To use RS-232C connection, connect RS-232 cable with a PC serial port and serial port PLC.

◆ On the Project menu, choose Options.
◆ Select Option Connect tab in the Options dialog box.
◆ Select the method RS-232C connection.
◆ Select the Communication Port.
◆ Choose Depth of Connection and click the OK button.

Setting for Local Connection

◆ Select the Depth of Local Connection and click the OK button.
◆ Connect Options on the menu Online

How to Remote Connection
(See the user guide GLOFA Fnet / Mnet for more details),

◆ Open Network Type list and choose the type of network.
◆ Type in a station number Station No. Box.
◆ Select the slot number.
◆ Click the OK button.
◆ Select Connect to the Online Menu.

Specification cable for RS-232C connections

GMwin tutorial : introduction

2009-12-21T22:49:00.000-08:00

Introduction GMWin
Characteristics GMWIN
GMWIN is a tool for programming and debug on all types of PLC GLOFA. GMWIN software has the following features.
1. Interface satisfying
Allows to Compile and debug several programs at the same time and maximize other things for the user satisfaction.
2. Language Variation support
Support of language variation as LD, SFC, IL. So you can choose and use appropriate language implementation of the system.

3. Using Symbols as a Variable
You can work on a program by using symbols to facilitate understanding and memory addresses are also determined automatically. Supports various types of data, so you can work on programs of high-level.

4. Using PLC Systems Project Unit
A not so easy to do and test a program because you can put several programs in a PLC system.

5. GMWIN able to connect Using PLC Network
You can download and monitoring programs not only by directly connecting local PLC but also connecting remote PLC via a PLC network.
6. PLC monitoring
Facilities available to monitor the status of the PLC and the use of this function in the program mode.
7. Make your own library
In addition to function and function block standard, you can repeatedly use the program defines as a function or function block to your satisfaction.

Harmonic, triplen harmonic, why it is existing and what its effect.

2009-12-21T21:06:00.000-08:00

Dear all hands

As ordinary people maybe we didn’t bother what is it harmonic? But for some one whom work in utility company, harmonic may be a big concern.

In normal condition harmonic current caused by non linear load, such of switching device (SMPS), energy saving lamp.

What it is non linear load? Non linear load is a electrical load that didnot draw sinusoidal current when a sinusoidal voltage applied on it. R,L,C is linear load but switching device isn’t.

Figure above (a tree phase rectifier with six pulse configuration) show a non linear load that draws non sinusoid current (in this case in form rectangular wave).

Harmonic current effect

Harmonic current cause many detoration effects:

1. voltage distortion

2. increase in iron losses

3. overheating

4. disturbance in instrumentation

Triplen harmonic

Triple harmonic in electrical engineering have more crucial effect because is exist in zero sequence so this triplen harmonic didn’t eliminate each other. As we now zero sequence fasor has same direction and same tangent, like figure below(but for more detailed explanation about phase sequence component you can read this text book or this):

Clearly from figure above that zero sequence just only differ in their magnitude, they can’t eliminate each other.

What its triplen harmonic? Triplen harmonic is an harmonic component that exist in zero phase sequence, below is table of harmonic order in phase sequence.

From figure above, triplen harmonic is in order 3, 6,9,12etc; and its clear where is the name come from.

First Project with Syswin: Motor On/Off controller

2009-12-20T20:51:00.002-08:00

This first project is to convert a traditional On/Off motor control that use relay become PLC driven , in this project we use CPM2A plc, below is the image of traditional On/Off controller using relay:

This is how the controller work :

1. Mg is a contactor tree pole , servicing as electromekanik switch for the motor. Its normally open (NO) switch.

2. Contact of Mg pole driven by Mg coil.

3. Pb2 is a stop button, and its nomally closed (NC) push button switch.

4. Pb1 is the ON button.

5. And a contact control Mg work for latch Pb1 (start button)

6. Th= thermal relay for motor overload protection.

When PB1 On then coil Mg energize, control contact Mg will close and latch PB1, in the same time Mg main contact also close and motor ON,

If Pb2 pushed, coil Mg deenergized, Mg main contact opened and motor will off.

Next step : I/O assigment :

Pb1 =000.00 (Start)

Pb2=000.01 (Stop)

Out_motor=010.00; this address will drive the coil of motor contactor, Mg

For I/O assignment its dependent on PLC area memory, you can refer area memory information in CPM2 A manual book.

And the wiring diagram become :

And the ladder diagram :

In mnemonic , this program written as:

Load 000.00
Or 010.00 (its internal contact, that driven by internal coil with address 010.00)
And Not 000.01
Out 010.00 (actifated internal relay 010.00, and so its contact)

Program Explanation :
When Pb1 is pushed, then coil 01000 is activated, because Pb2 is a NC (normally closed)
Subsequencelly Pb1 is latced by 010.00 (internal contact).
External terminal of 01000 activated Mg contactor, and motor will run.

AT89051 MC Tutor: Step-by step tutorial Using simulation with Proteus

2009-12-18T23:01:00.000-08:00

All hands
Few months ago i have receive Proteus, a software for circuit design and PCB design from my friend, i will upload this software ( demo version ). With proteus we can simulate a various MCS include AT89 series, even we can simulate the external modul( Imnot intended to promote proteus) so its nice for learning MCS.

So to start tutorial we must have Proteus and C cross compiler ( because i want write my program in C). For C compiler i use Ride (also you can download , or search in the net).

Below is the basic step to simulate the MC in proteus
1. Draw the circuit
2. Write the program, and cross compiled it to hex file
3. Fill the MCs with hex file
4. Run it

i will upload the first tutorial in few day tomorow

Practical way to Tune PID controller : Ziegler Nichols, Coohen-Con,LOPEZ IAE-ISE

2009-12-15T20:59:00.000-08:00

Dear all hands....
How to tune PID controller
As we know the PID controller is composed of 3 components namely:
1.Component proportional constant Kp
2. Component Integrator with constant Ki
3. Differentiator with a constant component Kd
In the PID control tuning, we mean that set the value of KI, Kp and Kd to obtain the most optimum value. There is a several way to tune PID controller such of:
1. Zieger Nichols
2. Cohen-Con
3. IAE-ISE

The loop performance must fall between two extremes:
1. First, the loop must respond to a change in set point and to disturbances. That is, an error, or difference in the process and the set point, must eventually result in the manipulation of the output so that the error is eliminated. If the gain, reset, and derivative of the loop are turned to zero there will be no response.
2. Second extreme :
The other extreme is instability. An unstable loop will oscillate without bound. A set point change will cause the loop to start oscillating, and the oscillations will continue. At worst, the oscillations will grow (or diverge).

Proper tuning of a loop will allow the loop to respond to set point changes and disturbances without causing instability.

Rule of thumb for informal methode PID Tuning : optimum decay ratio :1/4 quarter wave decay.

There is no single combination of tuning parameters that will provide quarter wave decay. If the gain is increased and the reset rate decreased by the correct amount the decay ratio will remain the same.
you can reach more detailed explanation in this file ..................or this

Compensating and Extension Cable for Thermocouple

2009-12-13T22:49:00.000-08:00

Compensation cables for the thermocouples are of the same type as the thermocouple. They are a little bit smaller in size, depending of the distance to be covered and a X suffix. So, a T type thermocouple extension wire is TX cable.

A smart transmitter compensates for the thermocouple created by the junction of the extension wire to the connection screws by measuring the ambient temperature and adding or subtracting the corresponding millivolts in the smart transmitter software running in the microprocessor. Below is image for this cable

The smart transmitter cannot compensate for a copper extension wire, it's not a current practice.

If you have to install terminal blocks in a thermocouple junction box, you have to use special compression type terminals (Entrelec manufacture them) which compress the thermocouple wire with the extension wire, so no cold junction generating voltage is created.

If you have a lot of thermocouple to send to a remote site and in order to lower the extension wire costs you can use copper wires. But, here's the trick. If you look at thermocouple table, you can see that all thermocouple types generates zero millivolts at zero degrees centigrade. The first solution (which is not practical) is to freeze at zero the interior of your junction box. The result is zero millivolts generated at the cold junction. The other solution is to heat the interior of the junction box at a known temperature over the maximum reachable ambiant temperature and compensate for the known error millivolt generated. It's a solution I have once seen but we had to determine the error generated by copper to type K thermocouple. The junction box was heated at 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

Its suggested that we must used extention dan compesating cable with their resistifitay is less than 100 Ohms (i.e. total of both legs) .

One example is that of Type K extension cable which has a combined loop resistance of 4.5 Ohms with 7/0.2mm conductors; in this case, 20 to 25 (100/4.5) meters is the maximum permissible cable run. The use of larger diameter wires will permit greater lengths of course.

Make your self Thermocouple Signal Conditioning

2009-12-13T21:18:00.000-08:00

Dear all hands,
Thermocouple i think is a most hard transducer to deal with it, but because its temperature range and aviabillity to make by ourself, termocouple still in wide use. In short list, signal conditioning for termocouple must has figure of merit like that :

1. Good CMMR at reasonable gain, usually above 90 db.

2. Has thermal compensation capability.

We can use precision op-amp for this need and use a another temperature transducer for thermal compensation. Precision op-amp like CP07 and zenner diode sometime is adequate.

Four years ago i used thermal compensation like suggested by national semiconductor , below is the circuit:

This circuit use LM335 , a themperature transducer (Kelvin), and for amplification we can use CPo7 in output terminal.

First Time Using Syswin 3.1

2009-12-11T19:58:00.000-08:00

Syswin is nice software for some who start learn PLC, you can follow this tutor step by step:

First step : Lets click Syswin for Activacation , this window will appear on your screen :

Step 2: Start with menu File New Project, this dialog box will appear:

Ceck the configuration just like example above ( cek program in project , cek ladder in Editor) and then click Ok

Modem option cek on local option , but if your PLCs in networking system via modem,you can cek modem option.

Step 3: Make sure that PLC on programming mode, (PLC has 3 mode :1. programming mode, 2. Monitoring Mode and 3. Run Mode) Now you can start drawing ladder diagram.

If you want to insert Network, just Click Insert Network and this dialog box will appear.

Picosoft : An Allen Bradley PLCs Software for programming PICO controler

2009-12-11T19:46:00.000-08:00

If you want to learn PICO ontroller from Allen bradley , you can reach Picosoft via this site:http://linkbee.com/EM6YS

Making Your double side PCB by Yourself

2009-12-09T20:35:00.000-08:00

Its very interesting if we can make double side PCB by ourself. And ussually do it when i make my project. This tutorial Im intended for any body who want make their own PCB.
Material you will need :
1. Double side PCB , i sugest you to use fibre PCB
2. Plastic paper for laser printing
3. PCB drill, water spray (that can spray in moist mode)

After you has all this stuff, and then you ready to follow this step:

1. Prepare your PCS silkscreen, and print them with laser print (plastic paper) , dont forget to use mirror printing.
2. Prepare the blank PCB, and lay out the plastic paper on the blank PCB , you can do this for the bottom side first.
3. And the iron it , be carrefull , you must keep it so it isn melt.
4. Use water spray to spray the ironed PCB, spray with gently
5. Plastic paper will release by itself.
6. Now you can make hole for mark the top side
7. Do step 1 to 5 again to finish top side.
8. And ready for PCB etching.
9. Good Luck

GMwin Tutorial On Glofa PLCs First PArt

2009-12-09T19:35:00.000-08:00

Or you can download Printable Version in this file (for Gwin) or this (for MKS)

Understanding Electrical Submersible Pump for Oil Mining

2009-12-07T22:34:00.000-08:00

ESP or electrical Submersible is akind of pump that used for oil lifting. Basically is a electrical pump that can work when it submersible and can work in hazard area (high temperature).
In general an ESP use squirrel cage induction motor to drive the pump. Their power rating lay between 20 hp to almost 170 hp (1 hp is 746 watt). You can get further information about ESP in Sclumberger or REDA website.

Oil exploration company is the main user. They ussulay use a VSD or variable speed drive to drive ESP , even in some company also a VSD untuk drive motor compreesor. Bellow is image an ESP when it mounted in a oil well:

image source :www.oiljetpump.com

Basic Grounding System

2009-12-07T01:15:00.000-08:00

Why we use a grounding system for our electricity ? The answer is may as simple as : it for safety; but the explanation is quite long.
In from philosophy , there is 2 grounding that we know :
1. Protective grounding or system grounding.
2. Equipment grounding.
Protective ground or P.E (Protective Earthing) in short, it grounding that include neutral conductor as a part of ground loop. Its intended to make our electricity system become more stabil.

In another side, Equipment grounding, its to make that open body of electrical equipment such of electrical pump , etc. its guaranted that there are no voltage in it. So this grounding is intended to protect human from electrical shock.

How p.e grounding is build?
There are several methode to make p.e grounding :
1. Solid grounding
2 . Resistance grounding
3. Reactance Grounding
4. Impedance grounding

Solid grounding is grounding methode that neutral conductor is connected to ground rod directly, is usualy met in system with low voltage (under 1000 v).
Resistance grounding is grounding methode that neutral conductor is connected to ground rod dvia a grounding resistance, is usually met in system with high voltage (above 1000 v).
We us a resistance as current limiter, so the ground cable willnot overheating due harmonis current or abnormal condition.

Classification Grounding System According IEEE :
IEC terminology

International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.

The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer):
T: Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra);
I: No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance.

The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being supplied:
T:direct connection of a point with earth
N:direct connection to neutral at the origin of installation, which is connected to the earth

TN networks
In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer.

The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer is called protective earth (PE). The conductor that connects to the star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-phase system, is called neutral (N).
Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:
TN−S :PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only
near the power source.
TN−C :A combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N
conductor.
The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, whereas within the building separate PE and N conductors are used. In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations, to reduce the risk of broken neutrals - with a similar system in Australia being designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN).

TN−C−S :Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some
point split up into separate PE and N lines.

TN-S: separate protective earth (PE) and neutral (N) conductors from transformer
to consuming device, which are not connected together at any point after
the building distribution point.
TN-C: combined PE and N conductor all the way from the transformer to the
consuming device.
TN-C-S earthing system: combined PEN conductor from transformer to building
distribution point, but separate PE and N conductors in fixed indoor
wiring and flexible power cords.

It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies from the same transformer. For example, the sheaths on some underground cables corrode and stop providing good earth connections, and so homes where "bad earths" are found get converted to TN-C-S.

TT network

In a TT earthing system, the protective earth connection of the consumer is provided by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.

The big advantage of the TT earthing system is the fact that its clear of high and low frequency noises that come through the neutral wire from various electrical equipment connected to it. This is why TT has always been preferable for special applications like telecommunication sites that benefit from the interference-free earthing. Also, TT does not have the risk of a broken neutral.

In pre-RCD era, the TT earthing system was unattractive for general use because of its worse capability of accepting high currents in case of a live-to-PE short circuit (in comparison with TN systems). But as residual current devices mitigate this disadvantage, the TT earthing system becomes attractive for premises where all AC power circuits are RCD-protected.

IT network
In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a high impedance connection. In such systems, an insulation monitoring device is used to monitor the impedance.

You can learn abaout P.E grounding with this file , i hope its will helpfull.

SCADA

2009-12-04T22:09:00.002-08:00

1. IGISS SCDA manual

3. CITECT ver.6 : Citect is scada software

4. Lintouch 1.8: Lintouch Is open source HMI. Lintouch Symbol:

Mining

2009-12-04T22:09:00.001-08:00

Interfacing tutorial and Software

2009-12-04T22:08:00.001-08:00

SmalPort, component for pararel port interfacing. Its very helpfull for making you first pararel interfacing project
Designing_SPI_interface: step-by step tutor in designing SPP interfacing
Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors Real World Design :This book about interfacing between an Mcs and I/O modul.
Making pararel port interacing with PPI 8255.

Transducer

2009-12-04T22:06:00.001-08:00

1. Sensor and primary transducer : an explanation about basic sensor.

2.Strain gage : explanation text abaout strain gage ( a kind of force sensor)

3. Orifice construction : an review

Schematic and Project

2009-12-04T22:03:00.002-08:00

1. 1 Fase watt meter with UGN503
2. AVR ATMEGA development board

3. Collection radio and electronic project book: A collection of electronics projects for electronics enthusiasts and experimenters. Features include numerous illustrations, step-by-step instructions, and coverage of all of the latest technology. Includes projects such as a desk microphone, a water level alarm, and a moisture meter.
4. Making our self Pararel POrt interfacing use PPI 8255, also completed with program example ( in Delphi)

Microcontroller and Electronics Software

2009-12-04T22:03:00.001-08:00

1. PonyProg : Downloader for ATMEL and various mcs...enjoy it.....

2. AVR downloader ..its nice stuff you can use to download a program into AVR chips, just like ponypog.

3. Top Spice from penzar: it used to simulate and analysis circuit , easy to use
4. Eagle : this is software for PCB bulding, for eagle manual you can get in this link, or eagle tutorial
5. EWB : electronic work bench : un official academic standard software for circuit simulation

6. FILDES: software for filter design (Cebysev, bessel, or butterworth approach)

7. Bascom : Cross Compiler from basic to AVR mcs

8. DSCH2:

Free Educational simulation software for digital circuit learning,its very easy to use Operation DSCH2 not require complicated procedures. This program can run on computers with operating systems Windows 95, 98, NT, or XP, and a minimum of 16 Mbyte memory. Do extract all of the files you've downloaded. To run this program, you can simply copy DSCH2 folder and all its contents to your computer hard drive. After you copy the folder, run Windows Explorer to find file DSCH2 applications. To run it, double click on the icon. Thank For Prof. Etienne SICARD